2. Maintenance of financial records, control of assets and liabilities, internal control mechanisms, ethics in accounting.
1. Preparation of financial statements for business entities.
2. Adjustments, accruals, prepayments, depreciation, inventory valuation, and other necessary adjustments before drafting statements.
1. Interpretation and analysis of financial statements; use of accounting information by stakeholders; ratios, liquidity, solvency, profitability analysis, and evaluation of financial health.
2. Reporting ethics, transparency, understanding users’ needs, communicating financial information effectively.
1. Basics of cost accounting: classification of costs, cost behavior, fixed vs variable costs, direct/indirect costs, cost concepts.
2. Costing for decision-making; understanding cost behaviour, cost–volume–profit analysis, budgeting and cost control (standard/cost-based budgeting) — typical in cost accounting module.
1. Different costing systems: job costing, process costing, activity-based costing, marginal vs absorption costing, overhead allocation.
2. Preparation of cost sheets, calculation of work-in-progress, handling overhead, cost flow, inventory costing under different methods.
1. Use of cost and management accounting data for planning and decision-making: budgeting, forecasting, break-even analysis, cost–volume–profit, financial planning, internal decision support.
2. Management accounting techniques for performance evaluation, resource allocation, cost control, managerial decisions.